English for Finance – 03

名义货币与信用货币

人们在历史上曾经使用小麦或金银等贵重金属作为购买其它商品的交换媒介,也就是货币。这种交换媒介本身的内在价值相当于要交换的商品的价值。但现代形式的货币,不管是纸钞、硬币、还是电子货币,它们本身都与要交换的商品价值并不相等。一张五元或是五十元的纸币本身都只不过是印了彩色图案的纸片,甚至几分钟之内就能把千百万元转手的银行卡,本身也只不过是不值几文的塑料片。那么,为什么这些纸片和塑料卡深受人们的重视,成为人们生活中须臾不可离开的东西呢?这是因为它们本身虽然没有什么价值,但却代表了一定的价值。这也就是说,现代货币是一种名义货币。

人们在历史上曾经使用小麦或金银等贵重金属作为购买其它商品的交换媒介,也就是货币。这种交换媒介本身的内在价值相当于要交换的商品的价值。但现代形式的货币,不管是纸钞、硬币、还是电子货币,它们本身都与要交换的商品价值并不相等。一张五元或是五十元的纸币本身都只不过是印了彩色图案的纸片,甚至几分钟之内就能把千百万元转手的银行卡,本身也只不过是不值几文的塑料片。那么,为什么这些纸片和塑料卡深受人们的重视,成为人们生活中须臾不可离开的东西呢?这是因为它们本身虽然没有什么价值,但却代表了一定的价值。这也就是说,现代货币是一种名义货币。

Fiat money has not only no particular value in use, it doesn’t even really have a value in exchange except that which is decreed that it would have.

名义货币不仅仅没有什么特别的价值,而且在商品的交换中它本身根本没有价值。它拥有的只是法律所赋予它的价值。

So fiat money is money which is intrinsically worthless. And its value exists by virtue of the fact that it is generally acceptable. And fiat money, needless to say, is one of the most mysterious inventions of the human mind, and no economist has managed to explain exactly why it is that people will generally accept something as valuable when it clearly has no value other than that which it is decreed to have.

因此,名义货币从它的本质来说实际上一钱不值。它的价值只在于它能够获得普遍的接受。毫无疑问,名义货币是人类最神奇的发明之一。任何经济学家都还无法确切解释,为什么人们能够把一种除了法定的价值外显然没有任何价值的东西作为宝贵的东西来普遍接受。

A credit instrument is an obligation. And it’s used as money because it has value. And the value that it has, of course, is a value which is based upon its credit-worthiness, in other words, how much credit or how much credence people give to the promise which is actually written down. What I’m receiving or using as an instrument for money purposes is somebody else’s obligation. Their preparedness to do something for me which might be to give me fiat money. That could be the promise which is incorporated in the cheque or the bill of exchange.

信用手段是一种契约。它可以被当作货币使用是因为它也有价值。当然,它的价值是建立在它的信用声誉之上的。换句话说,也就是要看人们能够给予这些写成文字的保证多大程度的信任。我作为货币收取的票据文件是对方的一种债务契约,是保证他们准备为我做一些事,比如要支付给我法定货币。这种保证可能会以支票或汇票的方式来体现。


重点词汇

1、 fiat money 名义货币,法定货币
2、 credit money 信用货币
3、 credit instrument 信用手段,信用安排
4、 credit – worthiness 信贷价值,信用声誉


生词

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